What is a resume? This is a document used in order to present a persons work history, education, and skills. They are typically used to secure new employment.
What is a curriculum vitae? (often appears as CV or vita) This is a document written as an overview of a person's work experiences and other qualifications for a job opportunity. It is similar in purpose to a resume.
What is a cover letter? This document is used as a letter of introduction that is attached to a resume or curriculum vitae. Typically, cover letters are meant to introduce yourself and catch the attention of a potential employer, explaining why you are suitable for the desired position.